Factors Affecting Prison Culture And Inmate Code - 1331 Words

The culture in correctional institutions can vary depending on a variety of factors. Prison culture can be influenced by gender, the country and government in which the inmates are housed, and race. The culture affects the way inmates interact with other inmates and correctional officers; sometimes inmates form gangs or family-like structures. The culture created by inmates in prisons is called â€Å"inmate code† and consists of a completely unique set of rules, traditions, roles, expectations, language, and customs (Seiter, 2014, p. 332.) This paper will explore some of the factors affecting prison culture and inmate code. It is important to note, for use throughout this paper, that although prisons strive to create a positive environment to rehabilitate offenders to return to the community, prisons are still a place of punishment and being isolated from one’s community and family and the lack of ability to make one’s own decisions can easily result in a lo ss of identity. Over 60 years ago, Donald Clemmer coined the term â€Å"prisonization† to refer to the extent with which inmates would conform to the â€Å"folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary,† (as cited in Seiter, 2014, p. 332). Clemmer also stated that the longer an inmate has been incarcerated, the deeper they will be ingrained into prison culture; the more prisonized they will be. The biggest component in determining inmate culture is the gender of the inmates. For example, the inmate code inShow MoreRelatedWhy Juveniles And Juveniles Commit Crimes1982 Words   |  8 PagesCriminologists have been gathering information for years on various factors as to why adults and juveniles commit crimes, what types of people are committing these crimes, and keeping record of the individuals who become incarcerated. One of the more common types of criminals are occasional criminals These types of criminals do not view themselves as long term or associate with a criminal title. 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George W. Bush s The War On Terror - 2546 Words

On the 9th November 2001, George W. Bush declared the War on Terror a response to the terrorist act on 11 September 2001. However, the response was not only based on the breach of national security that endangered the lives of Americans. If it had been, his response would have been purely targeted at ‘terrorists’ and not the abstract concept of ‘terror’ that engages with a wider pool of people (that we will later see to be affiliated with the Orient/Other). Orientalism, according to Said, is ‘the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient – dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short, orientalism as a Western style for dominating,†¦show more content†¦Therefore, this essay will argue that fundamentally the justifications for the policy in the War On Terror is to a large extent a reflection of Orientalism and US domination, intertwine d with aspects reflecting national security and economic interest. To a large extent Bush’s declaration of the War on Terror followed by the establishment of Guantanamo Bay is by far the largest reflection of Orientalism since it defines the ‘terrorist’. Bush’s speech on the War on Terror, not only defined the ‘terrorist’ but directly associated it with the East, creating the ‘other’ as the enemy. Orientalism can be seen by the Bush’s administration to define, and arguably create the ‘terrorist’ since he characterizes them through an orientalist perspective. It can be argued that the War on Terror was an orientalist instrument used to create the image for ‘knowing’ the Terrorist. This is crucial as knowing the terrorist, legitimizes any policy of action to eradicate the perceived terrorist. This can be seen most prominently in Bush’s speech on the War of Terror where he tactically separates the West from the East. Said’s book would support this argum ent as it can be perceived that the created an ‘imaginative geography in which the Occident and Orient are separated’. Therefore, Bush divides the US and the ‘others’ by labelling them as ‘evil’ and uncivilized beings that hate western values of freedom

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction. Answer: Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most dreaded disorders that affects women not only resulting in the threatening of her life but makes her go though severe physical pain due to various surgeries, diagnostic and medical treatments (Speca et al., 2014). The fear of such treatments often makes a patient weak and emotionally stressed. Moreover uncertainty about life due to the attack of cancer develops a feeling where the patient feels lonely and feels that no one around her can understand her pain. Moreover, breast cancer also results in destroying a sense of self confidence in the patient as she feels her desirability is affected and body image gets hampered (Thornton et al., 2014). Therefore, the essay will show that how it is often important for the nurse to help the patient in every way so that her emotional, cognitive as well as her behavioral responses are properly addressed and taken care of. Therefore the nurse should also look over the various risk and protective factors associated with the patients condition so that she can handle the crisis properly. In case of Mary, one can easily understand that she has a very difficult life where she lives alone with her twin babies who are just eight months old. Presence of relatives and more often husbands are extremely important for overcoming women from postpartum depression. However in case of Mary, she has no one to provide her mental support and to infuse a sense of confidence in her. Talking with relatives over Skype may relieve her for sometime but she will not be able to feel secured in life. Psycho-oncologists have often been found to say that recognition of a patient suffering from cancer indeed has a very negative impact on her health (Lederbag, Greenstein Holland, 2015). The initial reaction that the researchers have noted is that it often creates a shock as well as disbelief in the person and this often needs huge mental and physical support from partner, friends and relatives to help her cope with it. In case of Mary, she has very few chances of getting such supports which wil l in turn lead her to different mental issues like depression. This is often accompanied by symptoms of anxiety, anger and also others. Mary will definitely enter into a phase of sadness as she will feel that her life has become vulnerable in a way that may result in harming herself. She may become apprehensive about the future of the children and how they will be able to cope up with the absence of their mother when she will be undergoing treatments. Often lack of proper knowledge may make her more anxious about how things will shape up. A mothers main attention at this time will be the health of her children as there is no one to take care of them. Many researchers have often said that such patients also get weaker besides the outcomes of the breast cancer due to development of fatigue, difficulty in concentrating in her different activities, making proper decisions with rationales and others (Manning et al., 2016). Other researchers have also said that different types of other pr oblems like insomnia or oversleeping along with weight loss and appetite loss and also restlessness and irritability. A very astonishing factor is also found where a person holds themselves guilty for the entire reason of the occurrences. This feeling creates a sense of loneliness and this leads to several depressive symptoms. Besides post partum depression and continuous loneliness due to staying away from family and husband, her life had become more difficult by the occurrence of the disorders (Manne et al., 2014). As a nurse, one should first try to understand about the emotional and cognitive attributes that Mary is going through. She should first try to reduce the levels of the stress that are present in Mary. The reduction of stress will mainly help Mary to be calm and composed. Once the nurse becomes successful, she should try to educate the Mary about the different procedures that she needs to follow to treat her ailment (Kangas, Milross Bryant, 2014). At first her negativity would be handled properly by the nurses, infusing the fact that Breast cancer in early stage is not much harmful and proper surgeries with medication treatment will help (Fischer et al., 2015). She can make her understand about how the medicine of tamoxifen if taken for about five to ten years will help the patient to overcome her issues. the nurse before helping her understand the different regimes that she has to go through, she has to look over certain of the behaviors and emotions of Mary that needs to be addres sed. Emotional as well as the social support would mainly include a number of interventions that will automatically help Mary to come out of the stress because of the diagnosis of breast cancer that she had faced (Lyons et al., 2015). Only after providing this support, she can be made ready to undergo her medical treatments. First of all, the nurse should train her to feel relaxed and teach her the important aspects of meditation as well as Management of stress. The nurse can counsel the patent or can fix an appointment with the counselor who would give her suggestion about how to cope up with this crisis situation. Talk therapy would help her to change her behaviors that would be harmful for them. She would be advised to take assistants from social and community settings so that she can appoint care takers for her baby when she would be attending healthcare sectors (Leventhal et al., 2016). The nurse should provide her with cancer education so that different types of fear and inhib itions which are reflected in her behaviour can be removed. Besides the nurse should also provide her the right medications of depression so that she can be relieved from there. Moreover the nurse should also teach her exercises that will help het to be physically and mentally fit (Evans et al., 2016). Mary is in a critical situation as she is diagnosed with early stage breast cancer but she has two eight month old babies to take care of. Moreover she does not have her husband and relatives with her in this crisis situation. As a result she is found to have different emotional as well as behavioral alterations as she was not being able to accept the reality of the fact. Therefore it is the duty of the nurse to take care of her condition in such a way so that she can gain her self-confidence and thereby help her to come out of the situation. References: Evans, C., Hamilton, R. J., Tercyak, K. P., Peshkin, B. N., Rabemananjara, K., Isaacs, C., ONeill, S. C. (2016, June). Understanding the needs of young women regarding breast Cancer risk assessment and genetic testing: convergence and divergence among patient-counselor perceptions and the promise of peer support. InHealthcare(Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 35). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. Fischer, M.S., Baucom, D.H., Baucom, B.R., Weusthoff, S., Hahlweg, K., Atkins, D.C., Porter, L.S. Zimmermann, T., (2015). Emotional arousal predicts observed social support in German and American couples talking about breast cancer.Journal of Family Psychology,29(5), pp.744-754. Kangas, M., Milross, C. Bryant, R.A., (2014). A brief, early cognitive-behavioral program for cancer-related PTSD, anxiety, and comorbid depression.Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,21(4), pp.416-431. Lederberg, M. S., Greenstein, M., Holland, J. C. (2015). Supportive Psychotherapy and Cancer.Psycho-Oncology, 443. Leventhal, H., (2014), January. The integration of emotion and cognition: a view from the perceptualmotor theory of emotion. InAffect and cognition: the 17th annual Carnegie Symposium on cognition. Hillsdale (NJ)(Vol. 7, pp. 121-56). Leventhal, H., Jessica, S. Y., Leventhal, E. A., Bodnar-Deren, S. M. (2016). Cognitive Mechanisms and Common-Sense Management of Cancer Risk: Do Patients Make Decisions?. InHandbook of Health Decision Science(pp. 87-108). Springer New York. Lyons, K. D., Hull, J. G., Kaufman, P. A., Li, Z., Seville, J. L., Ahles, T. A., ... Hegel, M. T. (2015). Development and initial evaluation of a telephone-delivered, behavioral activation, and problem-solving treatment program to address functional goals of breast cancer survivors.Journal of psychosocial oncology,33(2), 199-218. Manne, S., Kashy, D. A., Siegel, S., Myers Virtue, S., Heckman, C., Ryan, D. (2014). Unsupportive partner behaviors, social-cognitive processing, and psychological outcomes in couples coping with early stage breast cancer.Journal of Family Psychology,28(2), 214. Manning, M., Albrecht, T. L., Yilmaz-Saab, Z., Shultz, J., Purrington, K. (2016). Influences of race and breast density on related cognitive and emotion outcomes before mandated breast density notification.Social Science Medicine,169, 171-179. Speca, M., Carlson, L. E., Mackenzie, M. J., Angen, M. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery: An Adaptation of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for Cancer Patients.Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches: Clinician's Guide to Evidence Base and Applications,293. Thornton, L. M., Levin, A. O., Dorfman, C. S., Godiwala, N., Heitzmann, C., Andersen, B. L. (2014). Emotions and social relationships for breast and gynecologic patients: a qualitative study of coping with recurrence.Psycho?Oncology,23(4), 382-389.